It is two decades since Norman Myers at the University of Oxford created the concept of biodiversity hotspots.
Since then, around 25 hotspots have been identified as main targets for conservation. In contrast, the first major marine biodiversity survey dates back just six years. Then, researchers led by Callum Roberts at the University of York in the UK looked at the global distribution of more than 3000 species of coral and reef animals. “This is still the best analysis,” says Roberts, and it is being used to direct conservation efforts.
It is hardly surprising that coral reefs are the best-studied underwater ecosystems since they are quite easy to access. Building a similar picture for the open oceans is much more difficult. Nevertheless, when Boris Worm at Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada, was wondering whether biodiversity hotspots might exist further out to sea—and how to investigate this—he realised that useful information did already exist, from one of the biggest threats to some fish: long-line fishing.
So, what makes a hotspot for these fishes? Worm had expected to find that plentiful food was essential. Easter Island proved him wrong. “Who’d have guessed that one of the biggest biodiversity hotspots would be in a region that has less food at the surface than almost any other place on Earth?” In fact, he found sea surface temperature was the strongest forecaster of both species richness and the density of big fish. Warmer waters, with an ideal of about 22°C, generally allow for more species of large fish, provided there is sufficient oxygen in the water. These conditions seem to provide a biological optimum in which these big fish can best maintain their high metabolic rate. Easter Island aside, nutrients do seem to matter too. Another factor Worm found is that the location of most hotspots coincides with the presence of geological or water features that create currents in the water. These tend to concentrate plankton—the key nutrient at the base of the food chain.
Fish are not the only species drawn to such oceanographic “edges.” Marine mammals such as dolphins behave similarly, according to Lisa Ballance of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in La Jolla, California. At a meeting of the Society for Marine Mammalogy (SMM) in Cape Town, South Africa, last December she revealed the most detailed map of their diversity and distribution to date, based on information gathered by NOAA research vessels operating in the eastern tropical Pacific between 1986 and 2003. It covers 29 species of cetaceans over an area of more than 20 million square kilometres.
“When I went into this, I had no idea whether there would even be any hotspots, never mind where they might be,” says Ballance. Her team found three distinct regions where the density of cetaceans peaked significantly, and all were on edges. The Costa Rica Dome—an area to the west of the country measuring almost 200 kilometres north to south and 560 kilometres east to west—is in a region where the border between the warm surface water and the cold deep water is close to the sea surface, trapping nutrients near the top and making it an ideal place for plankton to gather. A second hotspot of similar size, around the Galapagos Islands, is located on the equatorial front where the warm waters of the northern and cool waters of the southern hemispheres meet. The third, in the waters to the west and east of the Baja California peninsula in Mexico, is where the California current intersects with the equatorial counter current, and also has a high concentration of plankton.
28 Từ Vựng Nâng Cao
- Biodiversity (n) – /ˌbaɪ.əʊ.daɪˈvɜː.sə.ti/ – the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat. – Đa dạng sinh học.
- Hotspot (n) – /ˈhɒt.spɒt/ – a place with a high level of a particular activity, in this case, biological diversity. – Điểm nóng (đa dạng sinh học).
- Conservation (n) – /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/ – the protection of plants, animals, and natural areas from the damaging effects of human activity. – Sự bảo tồn.
- Marine (adj) – /ˈmær.iːn/ – related to the sea or sea transport. – (Thuộc về) biển, hải dương.
- Distribution (n) – /ˌdɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/ – the way in which something is shared out among a group or spread over an area. – Sự phân bố.
- Ecosystem (n) – /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/ – all the living things in an area and the way they affect each other and the environment. – Hệ sinh thái.
- To investigate (v) – /ɪnˈves.tɪ.ɡeɪt/ – to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully to discover the truth. – Điều tra, nghiên cứu.
- Long-line fishing (n) – /ˈlɒŋ.laɪn ˌfɪʃ.ɪŋ/ – a fishing method using a long main line with baited hooks attached at intervals. – (Phương pháp) câu giăng, câu vàng.
- Plentiful (adj) – /ˈplen.tɪ.fəl/ – existing in large amounts; more than enough. – Dồi dào, phong phú.
- Essential (adj) – /ɪˈsen.ʃəl/ – necessary or needed. – Thiết yếu, cốt lõi.
- Forecaster (n) – /ˈfɔː.kɑː.stər/ – something that acts as a sign or indication of a future event; a predictor. – Yếu tố dự báo.
- Species richness (n) – /ˈspiː.ʃiːz ˌrɪtʃ.nəs/ – the number of different species represented in an ecological community. – Sự phong phú về loài.
- Density (n) – /ˈden.sə.ti/ – the number of people or things in a place when compared with the size of the place. – Mật độ.
- Sufficient (adj) – /səˈfɪʃ.ənt/ – enough for a particular purpose. – Đủ, đầy đủ.
- Optimum (n/adj) – /ˈɒp.tɪ.məm/ – the best or most favorable point, degree, or amount. – (Điểm, điều kiện) tối ưu.
- Metabolic rate (n) – /ˌmet.əˈbɒl.ɪk ˌreɪt/ – the rate at which the body uses energy for basic life functions. – Tỷ lệ trao đổi chất.
- Nutrient (n) – /ˈnjuː.tri.ənt/ – any substance that plants or animals need in order to live and grow. – Chất dinh dưỡng.
- To coincide with (v) – /ˌkəʊ.ɪnˈsaɪd wɪð/ – to happen at or near the same time. – Trùng hợp với, xảy ra đồng thời với.
- Geological (adj) – /ˌdʒiː.əˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/ – relating to geology, or the rocks and structure of a region. – (Thuộc về) địa chất.
- Oceanographic (adj) – /ˌəʊ.ʃə.nəˈɡræf.ɪk/ – relating to the scientific study of the sea. – (Thuộc về) hải dương học.
- To reveal (v) – /rɪˈviːl/ – to make known or show something that is surprising or that was previously secret. – Tiết lộ, cho thấy.
- Vessel (n) – /ˈves.əl/ – a large boat or a ship. – Tàu, thuyền lớn.
- Cetacean (n) – /sɪˈteɪ.ʃən/ – any of various types of sea mammal, such as the whale, dolphin, or porpoise. – Loài thuộc bộ Cá Voi (cá voi, cá heo…).
- Distinct (adj) – /dɪˈstɪŋkt/ – clearly separate and different. – Riêng biệt, khác biệt rõ rệt.
- To peak (v) – /piːk/ – to reach the highest, strongest, or most successful point. – Đạt đến đỉnh điểm.
- Equatorial (adj) – /ˌek.wəˈtɔː.ri.əl/ – relating to the equator or the regions near it. – (Thuộc về) xích đạo.
- Peninsula (n) – /pəˈnɪn.sjə.lə/ – a long piece of land that sticks out from a larger area of land into the sea or a lake. – Bán đảo.
- To intersect (v) – /ˌɪn.təˈsekt/ – to divide an area into smaller parts by crossing it. – Giao nhau, cắt nhau.
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